furosemide injection, USP VIAL Clinical Pharmacology

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12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Furosemide inhibits primarily the reabsorption of sodium and chloride not only in the proximal and distal tubules but also in the loop of Henle. The high degree of efficacy is largely due to this unique site of action. The action on the distal tubule is independent of any inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and aldosterone.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

The onset of diuresis following intravenous administration is within 5 minutes and somewhat later after intramuscular administration. The peak effect occurs within the first half hour. The duration of diuretic effect is approximately 2 hours.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Distribution

Furosemide is extensively bound to plasma proteins, mainly to albumin.

Plasma concentrations ranging from 1 to 400 mcg/mL are 91 to 99% bound in healthy individuals. The unbound fraction averages 2.3 to 4.1% at therapeutic concentrations.

Elimination

The terminal half-life of furosemide is approximately 2 hours.

Metabolism

Recent evidence suggests that furosemide glucuronide is the only or at least the major biotransformation product of furosemide in man.

Excretion

Significantly more furosemide is excreted in urine following the intravenous injection than after the tablet or oral solution.

Specific Populations

Geriatric Patients

Furosemide binding to albumin may be reduced in elderly patients. Furosemide is predominantly excreted unchanged in the urine. The renal clearance of furosemide after intravenous administration in older healthy male subjects (60 to 70 years of age) is statistically significantly smaller than in younger healthy male subjects (20 to 35 years of age). The initial diuretic effect of furosemide in older subjects is decreased relative to younger subjects [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Patients with Renal Impairment

One study in six subjects demonstrated that the combination of furosemide and acetylsalicylic acid temporarily reduced creatinine clearance in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. There are case reports of patients who developed increased BUN, serum creatinine and serum potassium levels, and weight gain when furosemide was used in conjunction with NSAIDs.

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Clinical Pharmacology

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Furosemide inhibits primarily the reabsorption of sodium and chloride not only in the proximal and distal tubules but also in the loop of Henle. The high degree of efficacy is largely due to this unique site of action. The action on the distal tubule is independent of any inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and aldosterone.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

The onset of diuresis following intravenous administration is within 5 minutes and somewhat later after intramuscular administration. The peak effect occurs within the first half hour. The duration of diuretic effect is approximately 2 hours.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Distribution

Furosemide is extensively bound to plasma proteins, mainly to albumin.

Plasma concentrations ranging from 1 to 400 mcg/mL are 91 to 99% bound in healthy individuals. The unbound fraction averages 2.3 to 4.1% at therapeutic concentrations.

Elimination

The terminal half-life of furosemide is approximately 2 hours.

Metabolism

Recent evidence suggests that furosemide glucuronide is the only or at least the major biotransformation product of furosemide in man.

Excretion

Significantly more furosemide is excreted in urine following the intravenous injection than after the tablet or oral solution.

Specific Populations

Geriatric Patients

Furosemide binding to albumin may be reduced in elderly patients. Furosemide is predominantly excreted unchanged in the urine. The renal clearance of furosemide after intravenous administration in older healthy male subjects (60 to 70 years of age) is statistically significantly smaller than in younger healthy male subjects (20 to 35 years of age). The initial diuretic effect of furosemide in older subjects is decreased relative to younger subjects [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Patients with Renal Impairment

One study in six subjects demonstrated that the combination of furosemide and acetylsalicylic acid temporarily reduced creatinine clearance in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. There are case reports of patients who developed increased BUN, serum creatinine and serum potassium levels, and weight gain when furosemide was used in conjunction with NSAIDs.
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